DispatchQueue.main.async {
	// Run async code on the main queue
}

class SearchViewController: UIViewController, UISearchBarDelegate {
    // We keep track of the pending work item as a property
    private var pendingRequestWorkItem: DispatchWorkItem?

    func searchBar(_ searchBar: UISearchBar, textDidChange searchText: String) {
        // Cancel the currently pending item
        pendingRequestWorkItem?.cancel()

        // Wrap our request in a work item
        let requestWorkItem = DispatchWorkItem { [weak self] in
            self?.resultsLoader.loadResults(forQuery: searchText)
        }

        // Save the new work item and execute it after 250 ms
        pendingRequestWorkItem = requestWorkItem
        DispatchQueue.main.asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + .milliseconds(250),
                                      execute: requestWorkItem)
    }
}

// First, we create a group to synchronize our tasks
let group = DispatchGroup()

// NoteCollection is a thread-safe collection class for storing notes
let collection = NoteCollection()

// The 'enter' method increments the group's task count…
group.enter()
localDataSource.load { notes in
    collection.add(notes)
    // …while the 'leave' methods decrements it
    group.leave()
}

group.enter()
iCloudDataSource.load { notes in
    collection.add(notes)
    group.leave()
}

group.enter()
backendDataSource.load { notes in
    collection.add(notes)
    group.leave()
}

// This closure will be called when the group's task count reaches 0
group.notify(queue: .main) { [weak self] in
    self?.render(collection)
}

extension Array where Element: DataSource {
    func load(completionHandler: @escaping (NoteCollection) -> Void) {
        let group = DispatchGroup()
        let collection = NoteCollection()

        // De-duplicate the synchronization code by using a loop
        for dataSource in self {
            group.enter()
            dataSource.load { notes in
                collection.add(notes)
                group.leave()
            }
        }

        group.notify(queue: .main) {
            completionHandler(collection)
        }
    }
}

let dataSources = [localDataSource, iCloudDataSource, backendDataSource]

dataSources.load { [weak self] collection in
    self?.render(collection)
}

extension Array where Element: DataSource {
    func load() throws -> NoteCollection {
        let semaphore = DispatchSemaphore(value: 0)
        var loadedCollection: NoteCollection?

        // We create a new queue to do our work on, since calling wait() on
        // the semaphore will cause it to block the current queue
        let loadingQueue = DispatchQueue.global()

        loadingQueue.async {
            // We extend 'load' to perform its work on a specific queue
            self.load(onQueue: loadingQueue) { collection in
                loadedCollection = collection

                // Once we're done, we signal the semaphore to unblock its queue
                semaphore.signal()
            }
        }

        // Wait with a timeout of 5 seconds
        semaphore.wait(timeout: .now() + 5)

        guard let collection = loadedCollection else {
            throw NoteLoadingError.timedOut
        }

        return collection
    }
}

let dataSources = [localDataSource, iCloudDataSource, backendDataSource]

do {
    let collection = try dataSources.load()
    output(collection)
} catch {
    output(error)
}

class FileObserver {
    private let file: File
    private let queue: DispatchQueue
    private var source: DispatchSourceFileSystemObject?

    init(file: File) {
        self.file = file
        self.queue = DispatchQueue(label: "com.myapp.fileObserving")
    }

    func start(closure: @escaping () -> Void) {
        // We can only convert an NSString into a file system representation
        let path = (file.path as NSString)
        let fileSystemRepresentation = path.fileSystemRepresentation

        // Obtain a descriptor from the file system
        let fileDescriptor = open(fileSystemRepresentation, O_EVTONLY)

        // Create our dispatch source
        let source = DispatchSource.makeFileSystemObjectSource(fileDescriptor: fileDescriptor,
                                                               eventMask: .write,
                                                               queue: queue)

        // Assign the closure to it, and resume it to start observing
        source.setEventHandler(handler: closure)
        source.resume()
        self.source = source
    }
}

let observer = try FileObserver(file: file)

observer.start {
    print("File was changed")
}